GNU Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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Found 3 definitions

1.       
   Radical , a. [F., fr. L. radicalis having roots, fr. radix, -icis, a root. See Radix.]
   Of or pertaining to the root; proceeding directly from the root.
   1913 Webster
   Hence: Of or pertaining to the root or origin; reaching to the center, to the foundation, to the ultimate sources, to the principles, or the like; original; fundamental; thorough-going; unsparing; extreme; as, radical evils; radical reform; a radical party.
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   The most determined exertions of that authority, against them, only showed their radical independence.
   Burke.
   
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   (Bot.) (a) Belonging to, or proceeding from, the root of a plant; as, radical tubers or hairs. (b) Proceeding from a rootlike stem, or one which does not rise above the ground; as, the radical leaves of the dandelion and the sidesaddle flower.
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   (Philol.) Relating, or belonging, to the root, or ultimate source of derivation; as, a radical verbal form.
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   (Math.) Of or pertaining to a radix or root; as, a radical quantity; a radical sign. See below.
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   Radical axis of two circles. (Geom.) See under Axis. -- Radical pitch, the pitch or tone with which the utterance of a syllable begins. Rush. -- Radical quantity (Alg.), a quantity to which the radical sign is prefixed; specifically, a quantity which is not a perfect power of the degree indicated by the radical sign; a surd. -- Radical sign (Math.), the sign √ (originally the letter r, the initial of radix, root), placed before any quantity, denoting that its root is to be extracted; thus, √a, or √(a + b). To indicate any other than the square root, a corresponding figure is placed over the sign; thus, ∛a, indicates the third or cube root of a. -- Radical stress (Elocution), force of utterance falling on the initial part of a syllable or sound. -- Radical vessels (Anat.), minute vessels which originate in the substance of the tissues.
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   Syn. -- Primitive; original; natural; underived; fundamental; entire.  -- Radical, Entire. These words are frequently employed as interchangeable in describing some marked alteration in the condition of things. There is, however, an obvious difference between them. A radical cure, reform, etc., is one which goes to the root of the thing in question; and it is entire, in the sense that, by affecting the root, it affects in an appropriate degree the entire body nourished by the root; but it may not be entire in the sense of making a change complete in its nature, as well as in its extent. Hence, we speak of a radical change; a radical improvement; radical differences of opinion; while an entire change, an entire improvement, an entire difference of opinion, might indicate more than was actually intended. A certain change may be both radical and entire, in every sense.
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2.       
   Radical , n.
   (Philol.) (a) A primitive word; a radix, root, or simple, underived, uncompounded word; an etymon. (b) A primitive letter; a letter that belongs to the radix.
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   The words we at present make use of, and understand only by common agreement, assume a new air and life in the understanding, when you trace them to their radicals, where you find every word strongly stamped with nature; full of energy, meaning, character, painting, and poetry.
   Cleland.
   
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   (Politics) One who advocates radical changes in government or social institutions, especially such changes as are intended to level class inequalities; -- opposed to conservative.
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   In politics they [the Independents] were, to use the phrase of their own time, “Root-and-Branch men,” or, to use the kindred phrase of our own, Radicals.
   Macaulay.
   
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   (Chem.) (a) A characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of any compound; hence, sometimes, an atom.
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   As a general rule, the metallic atoms are basic radicals, while the nonmetallic atoms are acid radicals.
   J. P. Cooke.
   
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   (b) Specifically, a group of two or more atoms, not completely saturated, which are so linked that their union implies certain properties, and are conveniently regarded as playing the part of a single atom; a residue; -- called also a compound radical. Cf. Residue.
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   (Alg.) A radical quantity. See under Radical, a.
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   An indicated root of a perfect power of the degree indicated is not a radical but a rational quantity under a radical form.
   Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.)
   
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   (Anat.) A radical vessel. See under Radical, a.
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3.       
   Residue , n. [F. résidu, L. residuum, fr. residuus that is left behind, remaining, fr. residere to remain behind. See Reside, and cf. Residuum.]
   That which remains after a part is taken, separated, removed, or designated; remnant; remainder.
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   The residue of them will I deliver to the sword.
   Jer. xv. 9.
   
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   If church power had then prevailed over its victims, not a residue of English liberty would have been saved.
   I. Taylor.
   
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   (Law) That part of a testeator's estate wwhich is not disposed of in his will by particular and special legacies and devises, and which remains after payment of debts and legacies.
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   (Chem.) That which remains of a molecule after the removal of a portion of its constituents; hence, an atom or group regarded as a portion of a molecule; a moiety or group; -- used as nearly equivalent to radical, but in a more general sense.
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   +PJC
   ☞ The term radical is sometimes restricted to groups containing carbon, the term residue and moiety being applied to the others.
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   (Theory of Numbers) Any positive or negative number that differs from a given number by a multiple of a given modulus; thus, if 7 is the modulus, and 9 the given number, the numbers -5, 2, 16, 23, etc., are residues.
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   Syn. -- Rest; remainder; remnant; balance; residuum; remains; leavings; relics.
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